Nutmeg:
Jaiphal – Nutmeg is an aphrodisiac, digestive tonic, very useful even with external application in case of headache, useful in cough, cold, asthma and more.
Botanical Name – Myristica fragrans Henlt.
Family – Myristicaceae
Sanskrit Synonyms:
Jatiphala, Malatiphala, Malatisuta – A fruit having fragrans (Jati or Malati means Jasmine, symbolic to fragrance).
Soumansayani,
Majjasaram – The kernel of seed is the essence part of the plant.
Sugandha – Fruit has good aroma.
Shalooka, Puta, Madashounda.
How to take Nutmeg?
For daily use, for adults, just 250 – 500 mg (one – two small pinch) along with honey or ghee can be taken in the morning, after food.
If you are using it in your diet, as a spice, then there is no need to take it additionally.
Myristica fragrans medicinal qualities:
Rasa – Taste – Tikta (Bitter),
Katu (pungent)
Guna (qualities) –
Laghu (lightness),
Teekshna (piercive, strong, penetrative)
Vipaka – Katu – Undergoes pungent taste conversion after digestion.
Veerya – Ushna – Hot potency.
Effect on Tridosha:
Balances Kapha and Vata Dosha.
Nutmeg benefits:
Nutmeg has water absorbing, drying up, sputum absorbing qualities.
Hence, as you can find below, it is very useful in clearing throat, cough, asthma, Irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea.
Laghu – light to digest.
Trushnapaha – relieves excess thirst.
Vaktra Kledahara – relieves excessive sliminess and moisture of mouth.
Vaktra Daurgandhyahara – relieves bad breath problem.
Artijit – useful in throat pain.
Vata Atisara – Useful in relieving diarrhoea associated with bloating and abdominal pain.
Mehaghna – Useful in diabetes and urinary tract infection.
Vrushya – aphrodisiac.
Deepana – improves digestion strength.
Hrudya – cardiac tonic, good for heart.
Rochana, Ruchikrut – improves taste, appetizer.
Teekshna – Piercing, strong.
Grahi – absorbent, bowel binding, useful in IBS, diarrhoea.
Krumihara – useful in intestinal worm infestation and infected wounds.
Kasahara – relieves cough, cold.
Vamihara – relieves nausea and vomiting.
Shwasahara – useful in asthma, COPD and other respiratory diseases.
Trushnahara – relieves excessive thirst.
Shoshahara – relieves emaciation, dehydration.
Peenasahara – Relieves allergic rhinitis.
Hrudruja – relieves cardiac pain.
Varnakrut – improves skin tone and complexion.
Vishapaha – natural detoxifier, anti toxic.
It helps to induce sleep.
It is used for the treatment of low sperm count (Oligospermia).
Nutmeg to improve singing voice:
Swarya, Kanthamaya – used in throat disorders and to improve voice quality.
It helps to clear throat of excess sputum.
Nutmeg is an essential ingredient in making Tambul Pan – Ayurvedic way of betel chewing.
Its paste is applied over forehead to relieve headache and over painful joints to relieve pain.
Jaiphal in pregnancy:
There is much hype and hoopla about usage of spice during pregnancy.
Nutmeg is safe during pregnancy, if used in little quantities of half to 1 gram during pregnancy.
Only a very high dose is not recommended during pregnancy.
For that matter, anything in excess is bad. The same rule is good in this case as well.
Jaiphal for cold in infants:
A very tiny piece of nutmeg can be used in preparing food in 9 months above babies to treat cold and cough.
In children above 2 years of age.
Jaiphal for pimple:
A paste of nutmeg made with water or milk is applied externally to treat pimple and acne scar. Ground nutmeg powder made into a paste with Sandalwood, Kumkumadi taila, olive oil etc can be used for face.
Myristica fragrans side effects:
In high dose it is not recommended to be used.
Nutmeg is unlike other nuts. So, even if you have nut allergies, it is quite safe to use nutmeg in diet. Over-dosage may cause convulsions, palpitation, weak pulse, hypothermia, disorientation, giddiness, nausea and vomiting.
Ayurvedic medicines with nutmeg as ingredient:
1. Jatiphaladi Churna
: Jatiphaladi Churna is an Ayurvedic medicine, in herbal powder form.
Ingredients:
It is prepared from 10 grams of each of
Jatiphala – Nutmeg – Myristica fragrans
Lavanga – clove
Ela – cardamom
Patra – Cinnamomum tamala
Twak – Cinnamomum tamala
Nagakeshara – Mesua ferrea
Karpura – camphor
Chandana – Sandalwood
Tila – sesame seed
Twakkshiri – Bambusa bambos
Tagara – Valeriana wallichi
Amla – Indian gooseberry
Pippali – Long pepper
Talisa – Abies webbiana
Pathya – Terminalia chebula
Sthula jeeraka (Upakunchika) – Nigella sativa
Chitraka – Plumbago zeylanica
Shunti – Ginger
Vidanga – Embelia ribes
Maricha – Black pepper
Bhanga – Cannabis sativa – 200 grams
Sharkara – sugar – 400 grams
Jatiphaladi Churna benefits:
It helps to relieve sprue, cough, cold, useful in Asthma, chronic respiratory conditions, anorexia, running nose.
2. Dadimavaleha:
Dadimavaleha is an effective Ayurvedic medicine for diarrhea.
Ingredients:
Dadima – Pomegranate fruit – 768 g is added with four parts of water, boiled and reduced to a quarter, flitered.
To this, 768 g of sugar is added and heated to semisolid consistency.
It is further added with 48 grams of each of
Nagara – ginger – Zingiber officinalis
Pippalimoola – Long pepper root – Piper longum
Kana – Long pepper – Piper longum
Dhanyaka – Coriander – Coriandrum sativum
Dipyaka – Trachyspermum ammi
Jatiphala, Jatipatra – Leaves and fruits of nutmeg – Myristica fragrans
Maricha – Pepper – Piper nigrum
Jiraka – Cumin – Cuminum cyminum
Tuga – Bambusa arundinacea
Vijaya – Cannabis indica (this ingredient is usually discarded due to legal issues)
Nimba patra – Neem leaves – Azadirachta indica
Samanga – Rubia cordifolia
Kuta Shalmali – Ceiba pentandra
Aralu – Ailanthus excelsa
Ativisha – Aconitum heterophyllum
Patha – Cyclea peltata
Lavanga – Clove – Syzigium aromaticum
Honey – 768 grams
Ghee – 768 grams
Dadimavaleha Benefits:
It helps to relieve diarrhea and dysentery.
It is used in treating fever with diarrhea, bleeding disorders, such as ulcerative colitis, adbominal colic.
3. Nasika Churna:
Nasika Churna is an Ayurvedic medicine in herbal powder form.
Nasika Choorna Ingredients:
10 g fine powder of each of
Dhatri – Amla – Emblica officinalis / Phyllanthus emblica
Jiraka – Cumin seed – Cuminum cyminum
Mayurpiccha Kanda – Peacock tail
Jatiphala – Nutmeg (fruit) – Myristica fragrans
Jatipatra – Nutmeg (leaf) – Myristica fragrans
Balaka – Pavonia odorata
Nalada – Khus Khus – Vetiveria zizanioides
Amaya – Saussurea lappa
Yashti – Licorice – Glycyrrhiza glabra
Shunti – Ginger (rhizome) – Zingiber officinalis
Chandana – Sandalwood – Santalum album
Dhupa Patra
Jambira rasa – lemon juice for grinding
Langaliphala rasa – Coconut water for grinding
Himagangodaka – Rose water – for grinding
Karpoora – Camphor – Cinnamomum camphora
Dhupika Sara Mrigamada – Musk
Nasika Churna uses:
It is used in treating chronic rhinitis, allergic respiratory conditions, bad breath, upper respiratory tract infections, migraine, sinusitis, head tremors, suryavartta.
One snuff of this invigorates anyone who is tired or lost enthusiasm from heavy work or long reading.
This has excellent flavour.
4. Mrita Sanjivani Gulika:
Mrita Sanjivani Gulika is a tablet, used in Ayurvedic treatment of severe and chronic fever and toxic conditions.
Ingredients:
10 g of each of
Yashti – Licorice – Glycyrrhiza glabra
Chandana – Sandalwood – Santalum album
Rudraksha – utrasum – bead tree – Elaeocarpus sphaericus
Mrigashrunga Bhasma – Bhasma of deer horn
Vacha – Sweet flag (rhizome) – Acorus calamus
Anjana – Aqueous extract of Berberis aristata
Aklari Jiraka – Cumin seed – Cuminum cyminum
Ela – Cardamom – Elettaria cardamomum
Gorochana – Cow bile
Kankola – Piper cubeba
Karpoora – Camphor – Cinnamomum camphora
Jatiphala – Nutmeg (fruit) – Myristica fragrans
Vrishashrunga Bhasma
Krishna Sara Shrunga Bhasma
Go Shrunga Bhasma
Gunja – Abrus precatorius
Pravala Pisti – Paste of corel
Mukta Pisti – Paste of Pearl
Mayurpiccha Bhasma
Rajata Bhasma – Silver Calx
Swarna Bhasma – Gold Calx
Haritaki – Chebulic Myrobalan (fruit rind) – Terminalia chebula
Vibhitaki – Belliric Myrobalan – Terminalia bellirica
Amalaki – Indian Gooseberry – Emblica officinalis / Phyllanthus emblica
Gairika – Purified Red Ochre
Shunti – Ginger (rhizome) – Zingiber officinalis
Pippali – Long pepper – Piper longum
Maricha – Black pepper – Piper nigrum
Kasturi – Musk
Shankhini – 20 g
Krishajiraka – Nigella sativa – 20 g
Ambara – 20 g
Bhunaga – 80 g
Narikshira – Breast milk
The fine powder of above ingredients is triturated with breast milk and tablets are prepared.
Cow milk is used in place of breast milk, in case of unavailability.
Mrita Sanjivani Gulika tablet uses:
It is used in Ayurvedic treatment of later stages of fever, high grades of fever, epilepsy, toxic conditions, delirium.
Ayurvedic reference about Jathipahala:
जातीफलं जातिसस्यं शालूकं मालतीसुतम् |
मदशौण्डं जातिसुतं पुटं सौमनकं फलम् ||१३२६||
जातीफलं रसे तिक्तं तिक्ष्णोष्णं रोचनं लघु |
कटुकं दीपनं हृद्यं स्वर्यं श्लेष्मानिलापहम् ||१३२७||
निहन्ति मुखवैरस्यमलदौर्गन्ध्यकृष्णताः |
कृमिकासवमिश्वासशोषपीनसद्रुजः ||१३२८||
jātīphalaṃ jātisasyaṃ śālūkaṃ mālatīsutam |
madaśauṇḍaṃ jātisutaṃ puṭaṃ saumanakaṃ phalam ||1326||
jātīphalaṃ rase tiktaṃ tikṣṇoṣṇaṃ rocanaṃ laghu |
kaṭukaṃ dīpanaṃ hṛdyaṃ svaryaṃ śleṣmānilāpaham ||1327||
nihanti mukhavairasyamaladaurgandhyakṛṣṇatāḥ |
kṛmikāsavamiśvāsaśoṣapīnasadrujaḥ ||1328||
Reference:
कैयदेवनिघण्टु – १. ओषधिवर्ग
kaiyadevanighaṇṭu – 1. oṣadhivarga
Meaning of the Sloka:
Synonyms of Jathiphala:
Jathisasya, Shaluka, Malathisuta, Madashaunda, Jathisutha, Puta, Saumanaka phala.
Properties:
Rase Tiktham – bitter taste,
Teekshna – Piercing, strong,
Ushna – hot
Rochana – improves taste, appetizer.
Laghu – light to digest.
Katu – pungent, spicy.
Deepana – improves digestion strength .
Hrudya – cardiac tonic, good for heart.
Svarya – Improves voice.
Shleshma anila paham – decreases kapha and vata doshas.
Relieves mukha vairasya – bad taste in the mouth.
Mala daurgandhya – removes impurities and bad odor.
Relieves,
Krumi – worm infestation (in wounds and in intestines),
Kasa – cold, cough,
Vami – vomiting ,
Shwasa – asthma, respiratory disorders involving difficulty in breathing,
Shosha – emaciation,
Peenasa – rhinitis.
2nd Reference:
जातीफलं जातिकोशं मालतीफलमित्यपि |
जातीफलं रसे तिक्तं तीक्ष्णोष्णं रोचनं लघु |
कटुकं दीपनं ग्राहि स्वर्यं श्लेष्मानिलापहम् ||४८||
निहन्ति मुखवैरस्यं मलदौर्गन्ध्यकृष्णताः |
कृमिकासवमिश्वासशोषपीनसहृद्रुजः ||४९||
jātīphalaṃ jātikośaṃ mālatīphalamityapi |
jātīphalaṃ rase tiktaṃ tīkṣṇoṣṇaṃ rocanaṃ laghu |
kaṭukaṃ dīpanaṃ grāhi svaryaṃ śleṣmānilāpaham ||48||
nihanti mukhavairasyaṃ maladaurgandhyakṛṣṇatāḥ |
kṛmikāsavamiśvāsaśoṣapīnasahṛdrujaḥ ||49||
Reference:
भावप्रकाश-पूर्वखण्ड-मिश्रप्रकरण – ३. कर्पूरादिवर्ग
bhāvaprakāśa-pūrvakhaṇḍa-miśraprakaraṇa – 3. karpūrādivarga
Meaning of the Sloka:
Synonyms:
Jathiphala, Jathikosha, Malathiphala.
Properties:
Rase tiktha – bitter taste,
Teekshna – Piercing, strong
Ushna – hot
Rochana – improves taste, appetizer.
Laghu – light to digest.
Katu – pungent, spicy
Deepana – improves digestion strength.
Grahi – absorbent, bowel binding, useful in IBS, diarrhoea.
Svarya – Improves voice.
Shleshma Anila paham – relieves kapha and vata doshas.
Relieves,
Mukha vairasya – relieves bad taste.
Mala daurgandhya – relieves impurities, bad odor.
Indicated in,
Krumi – worm infestation (in wounds and in intestines),
Kasa – cold, cough,
Vami – vomiting ,
Shwasa – asthma, respiratory disorders involving difficulty in breathing,
Shosha – emaciation,
Peenasa – rhinitis,
Hrudruja – heart diseases.
3rd Reference:
जातीफलं जातिसस्यं शालूकं मालतीफलम् |
मज्जासारं जातिसारं पुटं च सुमनःफलम् ||७७||
जातीफलं कषायोष्णं कटु कण्ठामयार्तिजित् |
वातातिसारमेहघ्नं लघु वृष्यं च दीपनम् ||७८||
jātīphalaṃ jātisasyaṃ śālūkaṃ mālatīphalam |
majjāsāraṃ jātisāraṃ puṭaṃ ca sumanaḥphalam ||77||
jātīphalaṃ kaṣāyoṣṇaṃ kaṭu kaṇṭhāmayārtijit |
vātātisāramehaghnaṃ laghu vṛṣyaṃ ca dīpanam ||78||
Reference:
राजनिघण्टु – १२. चन्दनादिवर्ग
rājanighaṇṭu – 12. candanādivarga
Meaning of the Sloka:
Synonyms:
Jathi phala, Jathisasya, Shaluka, Malathiphala, Majjasara, Jathisara, Puta, Sumanaphala.
Properties:
Kashaya – astringent,
Ushna – hot
Katu – pungent, spicy,
Kanta amaya – relieves throat diseases,
Arthi jit – relieves pain,
Relieves,
Vata Atisara – Useful in relieving diarrhoea associated with bloating and abdominal pain.
Meha – urinary tract disorders, diabetes,
Laghu – light to digest,
Vrushya – aphrodisiac,
Deepana – improves digestion strength.
4th Reference:
जातीफलं कटु हृद्यं सुगन्धि कफवातजित् ||३४१||
jātīphalaṃ kaṭu hṛdyaṃ sugandhi kaphavātajit ||341||
Reference:
सोढलनिघण्टु – गुणसङ्ग्रह (द्वितीय भाग) – ३. चन्दनादिवर्ग
soḍhalanighaṇṭu – guṇasaṅgraha (dvitīya bhāga) – 3. candanādivarga
Meaning of the Sloka:
Jathi phala – Nutmeg fruit is,
Katu – pungent, spicy,
Hrudya – cardiac tonic, good for heart,
Sugandhi – aromatic,
Kapha Vata jit – relieves Kapha and Vata doshas.
5th Reference:
जातीफलं जातिसस्यं शालूकं मालतीफलम् |
मदशौण्डं जातिशृङ्गं पुटं सौमनसं फलम् ||३६||
जातीफलं कषायोष्णं कटु कण्ठामयार्तिजित् |
वातातिसारमेहघ्नं लघु वृष्यं च दीपनम् ||३७||
jātīphalaṃ jātisasyaṃ śālūkaṃ mālatīphalam |
madaśauṇḍaṃ jātiśṛṅgaṃ puṭaṃ saumanasaṃ phalam ||36||
jātīphalaṃ kaṣāyoṣṇaṃ kaṭu kaṇṭhāmayārtijit |
vātātisāramehaghnaṃ laghu vṛṣyaṃ ca dīpanam ||37||
Reference:
धन्वन्तरिनिघण्टु – ३. चन्दनादिवर्ग
dhanvantarinighaṇṭu – 3. candanādivarga
Meaning of the Sloka:
Synonyms of Jathi phala:
Jathiphala, Jathisasya, Shaluka, Malathiphala, Madashaunda, Jathishringa, Puta, Saumanasa phala.
Properties:
Kashaya – astringent,
Ushna – hot,
Katu – pungent, spicy,
Kanta amaya – relieves throat diseases,
Arthi jit – relieves pain,
Indicated in,
Vata Atisara – Useful in relieving diarrhoea associated with bloating and abdominal pain.
Meha – urinary tract disorders, diabetes,
Laghu – light to digest,
Vrushya – aphrodisiac,
Deepana – improves digestion strength.
Myristica fragrans chemical composition:
Beta Pipene, Alpha Terpinene, Safrole, Methyl Eugenol, Myristicin, Elemicin, Trimyristin, Dihydro-disoeugeneol, Myristic acid, Epicatechin, Cyanadin, Nectandrin B, Verrucosin, Lignans and neolignans etc.
Research articles about Myristica fragrans:
1. Hypo-lipidemic effect:
The ethanolic extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) was studied in albino rabbits for its effects on experimentally induced hyperlipidaemia.
After inducing hyper-lipidaemia in 12 rabbits a dose of 500 mg/kg of the extract was administered orally daily for a period of 60 days in 6 rabbits.
When compared with the control group the levels of lipoprotein lipids were significantly lowered in the experimental group after 60 days.
Total cholesterol:HDL ratio and LDL:HDL ratio were significantly lowered in the experimental group.
There were significantly lower levels of total cholesterol in heart and liver.
Citation:
Ram A, Lauria P, Gupta R, Sharma VN. Hypolipidaemic effect of Myristica fragrans fruit extract inrabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;55:49-53.
- Anti-microbial activity:
Anti-microbial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi was done.
Fifty four plant extracts (methanol and aqueous) were assayed for their activity against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi.
Strong anti-bacterial activity was shown by the methanol extracts of Myristica fragrans.
Citation:
Rani P, Khullar N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potentialagainst multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi. Phytother Res 2004;18:670-3.
3. Radio-protective effect:
The radio-protective effect of Myristica fragrans was evaluated against 6, 8 and 10 Gy gamma radiation.
Myristica fragrans pretreatment effectively protected against radiation induced biochemical alteration as reflected by a decrease in LPO level and ACP activity, and an increase in GSH and ALP activity.
Citation:
Sharma M, Kumar M. Radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by Myristica fragrans houtt. J Radiat Res(Tokyo) 2007;48:135-41
4. Aphrodisiac activity:
The study was undertaken to evaluate the aphrodisiac effect of 50% ethanolic extract of nutmeg along with its likely adverse effects and acute toxicity.
The suspension of the extract was administered (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) to different groups of male rats daily for seven days.
The general mating behaviour, libido and potency were studied and compared with the standard reference drug sildenafil citrate.
Significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male rats without any conspicuous adverse effects indicated that the 50% ethanolic extract of nutmeg possesses aphrodisiac activity.
Citation:
Tajuddin, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA, Amin KM. An experimental study of sexual function improvingeffect of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg). BMC Complement Altern Med 2005;5:16.
5. Anti-diarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) activites:
A study was planned to assess the various pharmacological effects (anti-diarrheal, sedative, analgesic and blood pressure) of nutmeg.
Both Nutmeg crude suspension (NMC) and petroleum ether (PE), but not aqueous extract (Aq), decreased the mean number of loose stools or increased the latency period.
PE inhibited the contraction produced by acetylcholine, histamine and prostaglandin. Crude suspension showed a significant analgesic effect.
PE effectively potentiated both phenobarbitone and pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time.
PE in higher, but not lower, doses caused a precipitous fall in BP not blocked by atropine.
Citation:
Pharmacological studies on Myristica fragrans–antidiarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) parameters. Grover JK, Khandkar S, Vats V, Dhunnoo Y, Das D.
6. Anti-diabetic activity:
The study was designed to investigate the hypo-glycaemic and anti-diabetic activity of seeds of Myristica fragrans in normoglycaemic and alloxan- induced diabetic rats.
Oral pre-treatment with Petrolleum ether extract of nutmeg at dose of 200 mg/kg induced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose level.
Results also showed improvement in body weight, organ (liver and pancreas) weight, lipid profiles and haemoglobin content as compared to diabetic control rats.
Citation:
Somani RS, Singhai AK. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities of seeds of Myristica fragrans in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Asian J Exp Sci 2008;22:95-102.
7. Hepato-protective activity:
To evaluate the hepato-protective activity of nutmeg, nutmeg was fed to rats with liver damage caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus d-galactosamine (D-GalN).
As assessed by plasma aminotranferase activities, nutmeg showed the most potent hepato-protective activity.
Citation:
Morita T, Jinno K, Kawagishi H. Hepatoprotective effect of myristicin from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced liver injury. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:1560-5
- Anti-inflammatory effect:
The study was designed to determine anti-inflammatory potential of M. fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and pure quercetin extract from M. fragrans on LPS stimulated-murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7).
Results suggested that M. fragrans seed extract and quercetin compound possess the anti-inflammatory potential showed through the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and NO secretion.
Citation:
Dewi K, Widyarto B, Erawijantari PP, Widowati W. In vitro study of Myristica fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and quercetin compound as an anti-inflammatory agent. Int J Res Med Sci 2015;3:2303-10.
9. Effect of Myristica fragrans on learning and memory:
Study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Myristica fragrans (MF) seeds on scopolamine and diazepam induced impairment in learning and memory.
MF extract at the dose of 5 mg/kg p.o. administered for 3 successive days significantly improved learning and memory of young and aged mice.
This extract also reversed scopolamine- and diazepam-induced impairment in learning and memory of young mice.
MF extract enhanced learning and retention capacities of both young and aged mice.
Citation:
Parle M, Dhingra D, Kulkarni SK. Improvement of mouse memory by Myristica fragrans seeds. J Med Food 2004;7:157- 61.
10. Anti-depressant activity:
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of an n-hexane extract of Myristica fragrans seeds on depression in mice by using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST).
The 10 mg/kg dose was found to be most potent, as indicated by the greatest decrease in the immobility period compared with the control.
M. fragrans extract elicited a significant anti-depressant-like effect in mice.
The anti-depressant-like effect of the extract mediated by interaction with the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems.
Citation:
Dhingra D, Sharma A. Antidepressant-like activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds in mice. J Med Food 2006;9:84-9.
